Modified sine wave Waveform produced by a cigarette lighter 12 volt DC to 120 V AC 60 Hz inverter AC motors directly operated on non-sinusoidal power may produce extra heat, may have different speed-torque characteristics, or may produce more audible noise than when running on sinusoidal power. Switch-mode power supply (SMPS) devices, such as personal computers or DVD players, function on modified sine wave power. Sine wave inverters with more than three steps in the wave output are more complex and have significantly higher cost than a modified sine wave, with only three steps, or square wave (one step) types of the same power handling. The standard electric utility provides a sine wave, typically with minor imperfections but sometimes with significant distortion. Where power inverter devices substitute for standard line power, a sine wave output is desirable because many electrical products are engineered to work best with a sine wave AC power source. However, this is not critical for most electronics as they deal with the output quite well. Almost all consumer grade inverters that are sold as a "pure sine wave inverter" do not produce a smooth sine wave output at all, just a less choppy output than the square wave (two-step) and modified sine wave (three-step) inverters. To more clearly distinguish the inverters with outputs of much less distortion than the modified sine wave (three-step) inverter designs, the manufacturers often use the phrase pure sine wave inverter. Sine wave Sine waveĪ power inverter device that produces a multiple step sinusoidal AC waveform is referred to as a sine wave inverter. A 50% duty cycle square wave is equivalent to a sine wave with 48% THD. Square wave output can produce "humming" noises when connected to audio equipment and is generally unsuitable for sensitive electronics. This is one of the simplest waveforms an inverter design can produce and is best suited to low-sensitivity applications such as lighting and heating. The second method converts DC to AC at battery level and uses a line-frequency transformer to create the output voltage. There are two basic designs for producing household plug-in voltage from a lower-voltage DC source, the first of which uses a switching boost converter to produce a higher-voltage DC and then converts to AC. IEEE Standard 519 recommends less than 5% THD for systems connecting to a power grid. Technical standards for commercial power distribution grids require less than 3% THD in the wave shape at the customer's point of connection. One measure of the purity of a sine wave is the total harmonic distortion (THD). Common types of inverters produce square waves or quasi-square waves. Hundreds of thousands of volts, where the inverter is part of a high-voltage direct current power transmission system.Īn inverter may produce a square wave, sine wave, modified sine wave, pulsed sine wave, or near-sine pulse-width modulated wave (PWM) depending on circuit design.300 to 450 V DC, when power is from electric vehicle battery packs in vehicle-to-grid systems.200 to 400 V DC, when power is from photovoltaic solar panels.24, 36 and 48 V DC, which are common standards for home energy systems.12 V DC, for smaller consumer and commercial inverters that typically run from a rechargeable 12 V lead acid battery or automotive electrical outlet.The input voltage depends on the design and purpose of the inverter. Input and output Input voltage Ī typical power inverter device or circuit requires a stable DC power source capable of supplying enough current for the intended power demands of the system. Circuits that perform the opposite function, converting AC to DC, are called rectifiers. Power inverters are primarily used in electrical power applications where high currents and voltages are present circuits that perform the same function for electronic signals, which usually have very low currents and voltages, are called oscillators. Static inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process. The inverter does not produce any power the power is provided by the DC source.Ī power inverter can be entirely electronic or maybe a combination of mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or circuitry. Inverters do the opposite of rectifiers which were originally large electromechanical devices converting AC to DC. The resulting AC frequency obtained depends on the particular device employed. An inverter on a free-standing solar plant Overview of solar-plant invertersĪ power inverter, inverter or invertor is a power electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
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